Protocol for landslide study and monitoring at local scale

This protocol presents an advanced framework for local-scale landslide analysis of hazardous Apulian coastal rockfalls and earthflows. Two case studies—a jointed rock cliff at Vignanotica (Distinct Element Method) and an earthflow at Orsara di Puglia (Finite Difference Method)—demonstrate that model reliability is critically dependent on high-resolution, field-validated data. For the rock cliff, integrating field surveys with remote sensing produced more realistic stability assessments, while groundwater fluctuation was identified as the primary control on earthflow dynamics. This framework provides a robust basis to enhance hazard assessment and inform risk mitigation for civil protection and other territorial agencies.